Corporate and Business Law Health System

Questions: Produce a report on the functioning of Tribunals and Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems within the English legal system. You are required to visit a tribunal to observe a case and summarise the case together with the decisions of the panel. Outline the strengths and weaknesses of tribunals in the UK (visitors badge or attendance certificate from the tribunal need be attached as evidence). Discuss the importance and types of Alternative Dispute Resolutions available under the English legal system. Answers: Introduction Alternate Dispute Resolution (commonly known as ADR) is referred as a forum, which provides an alternative to solving disputes addressing the regular courts in a country. In fact, the name Alternate dispute resolution is derived from the fact that they provide dispute resolution, which is an alternative to the regular routine dispute solving tribunals called the courts (Ramsbotham, Miall and Woodhouse 2011). Therefore, in short, Alternate Dispute Resolution refers to method or a technique, which helps the parties who are in dispute about a particular thing, can use and come to a common agreement without opting to file a case in the court and use litigation as a means to resolve their disputes. Alternate Dispute Resolution can solve any disputes between disputing parties using various methods and techniques. Some of these techniques are called as Arbitration, Mediation and Adjudication (Merrills 2011). I recently visited an Alternate dispute resolution tribunal in London on 23 February 2016 to observe the working of the said tribunal; the said tribunal was dealing with an arbitration case. The case that was being heard in the tribunal related to a divorce proceeding through arbitration. I observed that every dispute, which can be solved through litigation, could be alternatively solved through arbitration if the parties have an arbitration agreement in place which allows them to take the recourse of arbitration instead of the usual litigation (Cane 2011). I observed that the procedure of the arbitration proceeding starts when a dispute arises and the parties request for the dispute to be resolved through arbitration. The parties then decide a common arbitrator, in the divor ce, case that I visited the arbitrator decided by the parties was a renowned lawyer Mr. William. The arbitrator then called the parties who were Mr and Mrs Ford in the present case for Preliminary meeting in which they represent their case with or without the help of an attorney (Boyle 2011). In the present case, Mr and Mrs Ford were married for twenty long years and belonged to a very elite background from United Kingdom. They were aware that their divorce would create a lot of news and the partition of their property and alimony claim with make headlines (Chong and Mohamad Zin 2012). Therefore, both Mr and Mrs Ford decided to resort to divorce by arbitration. In the present case, Mrs Ford had discovered that Mr Ford was having an affair for about seven years and had a mistress who he maintained with a house and all the other amenities in Italy. Mr Ford in return claimed that Mrs Ford has had severe psychological problems, which have aggravated over the years and due to these probl ems she had becomes impossible to live with due behaviour of doubting every action and step taken by Mr Ford. The arbitrator in the said case did not find any reason to award any interim award and asked the parties to submit their respective claims and pleadings in the next proceeding (Langbein 2012). Mrs Ford claimed that she caught Mr Ford with another woman in her Italy house and Mr Ford was introducing the other woman as his legally wedded wife. Therefore, Mrs Ford alleged that her husband had committed adultery and is seeking for divorce on the grounds of Adultery under the Marriage Act in United Kingdom. She also submits her calculation of alimony, which amounts to $2 million. In the counter claim submitted by Mr Ford, he claimed that his wife had a severe psychological disorder, which had made her medical condition worsen over the years. He submitted Mrs Ford medical records as evidence of her medical condition (Moses 2012). He also claimed that due to her psychological disor der, she assumed facts and made stories in her mind and her claim was a part of such a story, which she has assumed. Mr Ford also submitted an alibi, which showed that he was present in London in an important business meeting on the day his wife Mrs Ford claimed that he was seen in his Italy house without another woman (Fiadjoe 2013). In their response to each other claims, Mrs Ford wants a divorce on the grounds of adultery whereas Mr Ford shows enough evidence suggesting that Mrs Fords claim is unreasonable and due to her medical condition (Mackie and Mackie 2013). I visited the proceeding where the above-mentioned events took place however; I learned that in the next proceeding, the arbitrator will hear all the parties along with reviewing all the evidence which the parties submit. He will then decide the case by giving an appropriate award and stating which party will bear the cost of the proceeding unless it is decided to be equally divided between both the parties (Van Ness and Strong 2013). The Alternate Dispute Resolution case laws are heard in an informal tribunal in United Kingdom. The primary purpose of establishing the same was to give every disputing party an alternative to resolving issues between them without resorting to litigation (Lodder and Zeleznikow 2010). However, when the alternate dispute resolution tribunals became popular many advantages and disadvantages of the same were figured out. The strengths of Alternate Dispute Resolution Tribunals are as follows: Cost Dispute resolution through ADR tribunals can be less expensive than litigation where litigation in a case is time consuming and takes many years to reach judgement. However, cost is always not an advantage in the said case and the same can be a disadvantage in some cases (Stipanowich 2010). Quick Decision the techniques used in solving disputes by the used of ADR follow a very definite and informal proceeding which leads to a quick and speedy decision in solving dispute Fairness As the arbitrators are decided by mutual consent of both parties, the decision is usually fair as compared to litigation. Confidential As the proceedings in ADR are conducted in ADR tribunal, which are not open courts, the proceedings are confidential between the parties (Emsley, Dunn and White 2010). The weakness of Alternate Dispute Resolution Tribunals are as follows: Cost Arbitration can lead an expensive means to solve disputes as when awards are non-binding it leads to further cost of litigation. Location When parties of different countries seek to solve dispute through ADR, the decision to locate a tribunal and the nationality of the arbitrator is a major disadvantage No Appeal Arbitration awards are usually binding and there is no option to appeal like available in litigation Conclusion Therefore, it is clear that one can decide after considering the strength and the weakness of the Alternate Dispute Resolution, if they wish or if they method is suitable to resolve the concerned legal matter a party is involved in. 2 Introduction Alternate Dispute Resolution has proven to be very beneficial in solving civil disputes between parties who are under disputes. Alternate Dispute Resolution is a collection of techniques, which can be used to resolve disputes between disputing parties with the help and guidance of a third neutral and independent individual. The neutral individual in the present case performs the function, which a judge has in case of litigation. The most important benefit of Alternate Dispute resolution is that it lightens the burden of cases that appear in the courts and tribunals in United Kingdom. With the introduction of Alternate dispute resolution, many individuals and companies resort to dispute resolution by the techniques alternate dispute resolution to avail the multiple advantages of the same and to avoid the long-going and costly dispute resolution through litigation (Hodges, Benhr and Creutzfeldt-Banda 2012). As the various method in alternate dispute resolution use informal and simpler procedures to hear and review evidence of disputing parties, many individuals and companies get attracted to the said option available to solve disputes to avoid the formal procedures of litigation. Another benefit to availing the methods of alternate dispute resolution is that the dispute and the names of the parties who are in dispute remain confidential and confined between the parties and the closed door of the alternate dispute resolution tribunal. The proceedings of the alternate dispute resolutions are not conducted in the open courtrooms like that in litigation. Therefore, dispute resolution through alternate dispute resolution is most suitable when a dispute consists of trade secrets and sensitive confidential data, which is of great importance to a particular party. In this case, the feature of confidentiality makes Alternate dispute resolution much more suitable than the regular course to litiga tion for dispute resolution (Petrauskas and Gasiunaite 2012). Another important feature of dispute resolution through alternate dispute resolution is that it provides the disputing parties a good amount of flexibility as the disputing parties can select their own third party who can act in a neutral manner to resolve the dispute between the disputing parties (Hrnle 2012). The decision or the awards passed under the various techniques of alternate dispute resolution are quicker compared to parties who resort their disputes through litigation, which is a very formal, long-going and sometimes unfair method of solving disputes. Various techniques can be used to resolve a case under the Alternate Dispute Resolution. However, some of the most commonly used techniques or methods are Arbitration, Mediation, Adjudication and dispute resolution through Ombudsman schemes. Let us look at each of these techniques separately (Van Ness and Strong 2013). Arbitration Arbitration is one of the most commonly used alternate dispute resolution method and it results from a prior arbitration agreement which disputing parties have mentioned in any contract they have entered into to resolve potential disputes. When a disputing parties submits its disputes to arbitration, they mutually decide on a arbitrator and consider his award as binding eliminating the option to take the dispute to litigation unless the case is to enforce the award made by the arbitrator. The arbitrator gives an award based on written evidence. An arbitration proceeding is conducted in an informal manner and is confidential between the parties as it is not conducted in an open court. In the recent years, law has made provisions for parties to resort to courts if the awards, which are binding under the alternate dispute resolutions, are not performed. In such a case, the parties can resort to the court for enforcement of an award which was passed by a alternative dispute resolution tribunal when the said award being binding on the parties (Fiadjoe 2013). Mediation Mediation is a type of Alternate dispute resolution, which is a method to bring the disputing parties to a settlement or a compromise through intervention of a individual who is neutral and unbiased. Mediation is a voluntary method in which the disputing parties mutually decide the neutral person and show the intention to get the advice and use the expertises of the neutral individual to solve their dispute. The mediator in this case has no authority to impose his suggestion or decision on the disputing parties and he is only allowed to assist the disputing parties to figure the issue which have create the disputes between them, help them to figure out alternate solutions to their disputes and guide the disputing parties to arrive at a common settlement which is a win-win situation for both. Adjudication Adjudication is a method of alternate dispute resolution, which consists of resolving disputes, which are related to technically, and engineering disputes. It is a quick, efficient and informal way of solving disputes between disputing parties. The clause of adjudication is generally included in construction and engineering contracts. However, it has a very small frame, which is considered its disadvantages. It is very similar to arbitration and its awards are binding like that of an arbitration award. This method of dispute resolution is becoming popular over the years when companies enter into major and expensive construction and engineering contracts (Moses 2012). Resolution through Ombudsman schemes Many services, which an individual uses in routine life, has ombudsman schemes. Some of these services include insurance, banking and building society services, which provide an individual the option of dispute resolution through their ombudsman services in case a dispute arises. However, a pre-condition to apply to resolve a dispute through ombudsman services is that one must first complaint to the service provider and in case his complain, is not addressed or adhered to, he must choice the option of ombudsman scheme. On submitting a complaint to ombudsman scheme, the ombudsman will review the complain and make a ruling or an award, however, the same is not legally binding. However, when the same case is forwarded in the court for litigation, the Judges take reference of the Ombudsmans ruling before passing their judgement in the said matter. Conclusion Thus, it is evident that there are various methods under Alternate Dispute Resolution, which can be resorted to by disputing parties. Over the years the importance of Alternate Dispute Resolution techniques of resolving legal disputes has emerged as it takes away the burden from the traditional method of disputing resolving. Reference List Boyle, S., 2011. United Kingdom (England).Health Systems Review. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. Cane, P., 2011.Administrative law. OUP Oxford. Chong, H.Y. and Mohamad Zin, R., 2012. Selection of dispute resolution methods: factor analysis approach.Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management,19(4), pp.428-443. Emsley, R., Dunn, G. and White, I.R., 2010. Mediation and moderation of treatment effects in randomised controlled trials of complex interventions.Statistical Methods in Medical Research,19(3), pp.237-270. Fiadjoe, A., 2013.Alternative dispute resolution: a developing world perspective. Routledge. Hodges, C., Benhr, I. and Creutzfeldt-Banda, N., 2012.Consumer ADR in Europe. Bloomsbury Publishing. Hrnle, J., 2012. Encouraging Online Dispute Resolution in the EU and Beyond-Keeping Costs Low or Standards High?.Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper, (122). Langbein, J.H., 2012. Disappearance of Civil Trial in the United States, The.Yale LJ,122, p.522. Lodder, A.R. and Zeleznikow, J., 2010.Enhanced dispute resolution through the use of information technology. Cambridge University Press. Mackie, K.J. and Mackie, K. eds., 2013.A handbook of dispute resolution: ADR in action. Routledge. Merrills, J.G., 2011.International dispute settlement. Cambridge University Press. Moses, M.L., 2012.The principles and practice of international commercial arbitration. Cambridge University Press. Petrauskas, F. and Gasiunaite, A., 2012. Alternative Dispute Resolution in the Field of Consumer Financial Services.Jurisprudencija,19(1). Ramsbotham, O., Miall, H. and Woodhouse, T., 2011.Contemporary conflict resolution. Polity. Stipanowich, T., 2010. Arbitration: The'New Litigation'.University of Illinois Law Review,2010(1). Van Ness, D.W. and Strong, K.H., 2013.Restoring justice: An introduction to restorative justice. Routledge.

Hanson - Middle Of Nowhere free essay sample

Last spring the pop rock album Hansons Middle of Nowhere came out in stores everywhere. It was a hit. The Hanson group is made up of three talented brothers, all under the age of 17 Zac Hanson (age 11) on drums and vocals, Taylor Hanson (age 13) on keyboards and vocals, and Isaac Hanson (age 16) on piano, guitar, and vocals. Hansons number one hit MMM Bop moved up the line from number ten to number one on the top 10. Middle Of Nowhere reached as far up as number six on the album charts and MMMBop made number one on the single charts on MTV. Other songs on the album include Thinking of You, a fast but easy flowing song, I Will Come to You and Wheres the Love, a hard but sexy song. Singing songs with great lyrics, Hanson will be popular for some time. Their fame is growing rapidly. Many people speak badly of them because of jealousy over their money and fame. We will write a custom essay sample on Hanson Middle Of Nowhere or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Just because you dont like a group does not mean you have the right to dump all over them. If you are crazy over this group, another song that I recommend is Weird, a slow-moving song with great lyrics. If you like pop rock, then Hansons Middle of Nowhere is the CD for you. I recommend it to everyone.

Sample of Creative Essay About Langston Hughes

Sample of Creative Essay About Langston HughesAn excellent example of a creative essay about Langston Hughes can be found in an essay called 'A Poet Is You,' which was written by Kip Blakey and is now the subject of this article. The essay's title speaks for itself; it's one of the most highly recommended creative essay examples on the web.One of the biggest impacts that Hughes had on modern American poetry is the impact he had on New York poets. His poetry influenced generations of poets, and his style of poetry inspired many to take up this style of writing themselves. For this reason, his work is a great example of a creative essay about Langston Hughes, as this particular essay discusses the influence that Hughes had on New York poets and showcases some of the poems that came out of his New York writing.The essay begins with a short description of what the topic is. This is very important, as it should tell the reader the exact nature of the topic, and the author of the essay sho uld always use this information. If this is not done, then the essay will be difficult to understand, and it will also be difficult to find in the search engines, since there will be so many articles on the topic. It's important to know what type of essay is being written, and a good sample of creative essay about Langston Hughes must be easy to read and understand.Once the topic is identified, the next element that must be included is a sample of creative essay about Langston Hughes. In order to do this, the sample should include a paragraph or two on Hughes' life and career, and this sample should also contain a story from that life or career. This helps to show how this is an actual sample of creative essay about Langston Hughes, which will help the reader to connect with the essay and enjoy it.In addition to this, the sample of creative essay about Langston Hughes should have several sample sections. These sections should discuss the challenges that writing an essay about Hughes presents, and this should be brought out in the sample sections. The writer should create a couple of essays, which contain the same topic as the sample, and then compare them. This comparison will help the reader to understand why these sample essays were created, and it will also help the reader to understand why the sample essays were chosen to illustrate this sample of creative essay about Langston Hughes.The next element that should be included in the sample is a discussion of how the samples were written. Although this is optional, the author should usually include this information, because this will help the reader to understand the story behind the essay, and it will also help the reader to understand the writer's personality. Most authors appreciate this option, and this is often considered a bonus of the sample, but it should still be included.The final element that should be included is a brief conclusion, which should tell the reader what the original poem is about. Mos t writers prefer to end their sample essays on a personal note, as this helps the reader to connect with the writer, and it also gives the writer the opportunity to define the nature of their writing style. A good example of creative essay about Langston Hughes will be less effective if the author does not provide a conclusion to the sample.Creating a sample of creative essay about Langston Hughes isn't as difficult as it may sound. All the elements should be included, and the writer should also be able to point out the positives and negatives of the sample. Using this sample as an inspiration for your own writing is a wonderful way to connect with others, and also help to build a community of writers who appreciate this type of writing.

Analysis of Challenges in International Management free essay sample

Analysis of Challenges in International Management† Abstract The following essay analysis the challenges in International Management with particular regard to the challenge of â€Å"culture† in international business as it is the must difficult to deal with and being essential for successful results in a wide range of global management tasks nowadays and in the future. Introduction Today successful international management requires more than a lot of frequent flyer miles or seasoned expatriate managers. But what are those exclusive challenges of international management in today’s world? The importance of international management is constantly increasing, as we exist in a world where globalisation is affecting the traditional borders in a broad range of areas. †¢Trade and investment, †¢Economic alliances, †¢The international stage players, and †¢The work environment are changing rapidly, being supported by the increasing sophistication and lower cost of information technology. World trade and investments are growing fast (the volume of world trade among countries has grown at an average rate over 8% since 2005 (WTO 2008)), linking the economies and creating opportunities and threats. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Challenges in International Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page New, strong and forced competitors are coming from developing nations in Asia and the transitioning economies of Eastern Europe. Furthermore, the constantly rising level of foreign direct investment also has a globalising effect (Thomas 2002). Moreover, the emergence of the free-trade areas drastically decreased traditional economic boundaries. So do the three largest groups, the EU, the NAFTA, and the APEC, account for nearly half of the world’s trade (Cullen 2002) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) now has 140 member-nations, aiming to reduce tariffs and liberalize trade. But globalization also affects the work environments within organizations. Changes involve cutbacks, team-based management movements and privatization. For instance, there can be factory closings, as Nokia closing their German plant in Bochum moving to Romania, because of cheaper labour. All in all, as one key consequence of globalisation, international managers nowadays have to face a more dynamic, complex, competitive and uncertain environment and need skills (as a global mindset or the ability to work with people from diverse background) not considered necessary for domestic-only managers. The environment of international management can be divided into †¢economic, †¢legal, †¢political, and †¢cultural factors (Thomas 2002). So for making decisions it is essential to understand the economic strategies of the countries in or with one wants to conduct business with, because level of economic development and quality of life differs extremely worldwide. Furthermore, there are various national sovereign laws and regulations existing in the world which have to be observed and made allowance for. And in addition, there are several varieties of political systems (e. g. , theocratic totalitarianism in Saudi Arabia), containing different levels of political risks which have to be managed. For instance, decision makers have to able to estimate the degree of risk associated with a government’s involvements in business affairs depending on characteristics of their company. All these factors present impressive challenges multinational management has to face. However, the management challenge of culture and its effects on business practices and organizations is one of the most difficult to deal with. As conducting business with people from other cultures will never be easy you have to understand how culture affects management and organizations. â€Å"Culture† is a concept borrowed from cultural anthropology and there are numerous and subtle different definitions. As each definition has limitations focussing on international management the following description of Geert Hofstede seems very helpful. He defines the culture of any society as comprising shared values, understandings, assumptions and goals learned from earlier generations, imposed by present members of a society and passed on to succeeding generations (Hofstede 2008). Culture is something shared by members of a particular group, differentiates humans from other groups, is transmitted through the process of learning and adapts to external and internal environments and relationships. The international businessperson needs to be aware of three levels of cultures that may influence multinational operations. These include national culture, business culture, and organisational cultures (Cullen 2002). National culture can be described as the dominant culture within the political borders of a nation-state. But one has to be aware that multiple cultures can exist within political boundaries and they do not necessarily reflect cultural borders. For instance, Canada being home to Anglophones and Francophones. Furthermore, even relatively homogenous cultures can have diverse subcultures, including cultural differences which are affecting the international business. Nevertheless, as most business is conducted within the political borders of a state and nations can be defined as political unities, varying in governmental, legal, educational, institutional and labour systems, influencing the way people interact with their environment (Thomas 2002), national culture has the greatest effect on international business being probably the most logic starting point trying to understand the cultural environment. Business culture, reflecting the national culture, influences all aspects of work and organizational life (e. g. , motivating staff, negotiating with business partners, etc. and knowing it’s basic requirements (e. g. , what to wear to business meetings, business etiquette is more formal in Germany than in the U. S. with conservative dark business suits, etc. ) is essential for the international manager. Moreover, especially in the last few years, people realized that the â€Å"culture†-concept also holds for individual organizations. So may differences in organizational culture may be one reason why the merger of two otherwise successful companies failed. It is important to evaluate the influence of organizational rules, norms and procedures to understand the causes of behaviour in organizations. With shared behaviours, conditional relationship, being socialized into and partly involved in it, etc. organizational culture differs in construction and elements of national culture. Even so understanding these cultural factors is fundamental for international managers conducting international business, they have to be aware that â€Å"cultures† can just offer wide guidelines for behaviour, as for instance organizational cultures differ within any national context and individuals vary in each culture level. One cannot predict exactly how each person acts, feels, thinks, etc. Nonetheless, broad generalization about a culture provides a level of analysis from which to begin to understand the cultural environment and the complexities of cultural differences, because management functions such as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling in a global economy have to account for them. As international managers have to face various cultural challenges testing their management abilities they must be able to unpack the culture concept. Therefore the basic concepts of cultural dimensions can help them understand how two or more cultures might be different. An essential implication of these frameworks referring to international management and culture is that cultural interpretation and adaptation are a prerequisite to the comparative understanding of international management practice (Morden 1995). The following sections describe two popular models. Hofstede’s Culture Model This Framework, created by dutch scientist Geert Hofstede and based on a research over 11600 people in 50 countries (starting with 39 IBM subsiadiaries worldwide), tries to evaluate how basic values underlay organizational behaviour. National differences are investigated by five dimensions of basic cultural values: 1. Power distance 2. Uncertainty avoidance 3. Individualism 4. Masculinity and 5. Long-term orientation (Hofstede 2008). 1. This first value dimension refers to how cultures deal with inequality and tries to postion the inequality acceptance level by unequal power distribution society members. In countries with a high power distance acceptance (e. g. , such as Mexico), people respect and hardly ever bypass formal hierarchy positions (Elizabeth M. Christopher 2008). 2. The second value dimension concerns about the degree humans in a society are threatened by uncertain situations. The social system of a higher uncertainty avoidance society is dominated by regulations and rules, predictabilties and orders and people tend to be suspicious of change, whereas people from lower levels of uncertainty avoidance societies (for instance, countries such as Denmark). tend to be less formal, take higher business risks and plan and structure less 3. Individualism refers to the affinity to primarily take care of oneself and one’s direct family, and then to the rest of society (with the U. S. being a good example) (Elizabeth M. Christopher 2008). 4. The fourth dimension of â€Å"masculinity† concerns about the ranking of tradionally â€Å"masculine† values in a society, such as less concerning for others, materialism and assertiveness, whereas â€Å"feminity† on the other side emphasises the quality of life and relationships. 5. Long-term orientation cultures are insistent and saving (e. g. the culture of China) and short-term orientation is more self-centered, money-oriented and more social. All these factors are inter-reliant and interactive in their effects. So shows the Anglo-Dutch example Unilever the practicability of multinational enterprises where the power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and individualism values are similar; and where the masculine achievement orientation of the British complements the people orientation of the Dutch (Morden 1995). All in all, so there is a lot of criticism (for instance, the time-dependence of the results, the non-exhaustive investigation of only one multinational US company, etc. to these findings and the model of Hofstede, it is still a very valuable and useful â€Å"gift† for understanding culture and culture-based behavior. Trompenaars’ Culture Model The model created by Fons Trompenaars its also based on the researched of value dimensions. He studied the behavoiur of 15000 managers, representing 47 national cultures (Hampden-Turner 2008). Five of the seven dimensions of his model deal with the challenges of h ow people relate to each other: 1. Universalism versus particularism 2. Neutral versus affective 3. Specific versus diffuse . Achievement versus ascription 5. Time as sequence versus synchronisation The two final dimensions deal with how a culture manages time and how it deals with nature. They include: 6. The society-orientation to the past, present, or future and 7. â€Å"Control of† versus â€Å"accommodation with† nature 1. The value of univerlism refers to the application to systems and rules objectively, without taking consideration to personal circumstances, whereas the particularism culture (e. g. in countries as Spain) is more subjective and focusses more on relationships. 2. The second, the neutral-versus-affective, value dimension refers on the emotional orientation of relationships (such as expressing your feelings and emotions more like, for example, the Portugese). 3. In Addition the specific-versus-diffus dimension investigates if people from a special culture tend to be more or less specific or diffuse in their relationships (for example, Germans try to separate work and personal issues). 4. In the achievement-versus-ascription dimension, it is asked: †What is the source of power and status in society? † (Elizabeth M. Christopher 2008) So is for instance, in an achievement refering culture, the â€Å"status† of a person mainly based on it’s individual achievement (such as job performance, etc. ). 5. â€Å"Time as sequence† orientated cultures separate events in time (â€Å"step-by-step†), whereas â€Å"time as synchronisation†-orientated indiviuals manage events in parallel. (For example, if their business partners are not sharp on time, Germans, coming from a â€Å"time-as-sequence† orientated culture, may consider it an insultation). 6. This value dimension is about past versus future orientations. 7. Moreover, this dimension refers to the extent to which individuals feel that they themselves are the primary influence on their lives. Using this framework trying to understand some culture-basics some interesting patterns may emerge. Altough, being recognised for their validity (the results of these both major studies have some significant parallels, even so they were carried out in different times using different methods and examples), these concepts of cultural value orientation proposed by Hofstede and Tropmenaar can only give a basic framework for the analysis of cultural differences. They are utensils to help understand a culture and adjusting business practices to diverse cultural environments. They are for instance, a prerequisite to the successful new-market country entry, whether by setting up licensing or new subsidiaries, joint ventures, mergers or for the establishment of efficient programmes of international HR development (Kay 1993). But international managers have to realise that the understanding of another culture is a inexhaustible learning process. They will have to practice for their international work with or in other countries by studiying all that they can about the country, including more than just the business etiquette. Understanding the national culture builds just the foundation. As you seldom can get behind the front stage of culture without speaking the national language onother basic instrument is learning the language. But the challenge of â€Å"culture† in international management takes such much more than this. International managers have to broaden their understanding of cultural differences and to learn to seek advantage in differences. Understanding the culture is just a basis for the diverse international management tasks, as appropriate cross-cultural communication (using appropiate communication styles), effective and positive motivating and leadership in international organisations and across cultures, successful negotiation with international business partners and making ethically and socially responsible decisions. Conclusion The environment of international management can be divided into economic, legal, political, and cultural factors, with â€Å"culture† being the most challenging and most difficult to deal with, influencing a broad range of management tasks. Providing oneself with the necessary knowlegde and understanding of the national culture of the country or the people one is conducting business with is essential and builds just the foundation for the successful complementation of global management tasks, such as for instance leadership in multinational organisations (where you have to have understanding of all three levels of culture; national, business and organisational culture, being different and influencing each other).

Major General Horatio Wright in the Civil War

Major General Horatio Wright in the Civil War Horatio Wright - Early Life Career: Born at Clinton, CT on March 6, 1820, Horatio Gouverneur Wright was the son of Edward and Nancy Wright.   Initially educated in Vermont at former West Point Superintendent Alden Partridges military academy, Wright later gained an appointment to West Point in 1837.   Entering the academy, his classmates included John F. Reynolds, Don Carlos Buell, Nathaniel Lyon, and Richard Garnett.   A gifted student, Wright graduated ranked second of fifty-two in the class of 1841.   Receiving a commission in the Corps of Engineers, he remained at West Point as an assistant to the Board of Engineers and later as an instructor of French and engineering.   While there, he married Louisa Marcella Bradford of Culpeper, VA on August 11, 1842.   In 1846, with the Mexican-American War beginning, Wright received orders that directed him to aid in making harbor improvements at St. Augustine, FL.   Later working on the defenses at Key West, he spent most of the next decade engaged on various engineering projects.   Promoted to captain on July 1, 1855, Wright reported to Washington, DC where he acted as an assistant to Chief of Engineers Colonel Joseph Totten.   As sectional tensions increased after the election of President Abraham Lincoln in 1860, Wright was dispatched south to Norfolk the following April.   With the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter and beginning of the Civil War in April 1861, he unsuccessfully attempted to implement the destruction of the Gosport Navy Yard.   Captured in the process, Wright was released four days later. Horatio Wright - Early Days of the Civil War: Returning to Washington, Wright aided in the design and construction of fortifications around the capital until being posted to serve as chief engineer of Major General Samuel P. Heintzelmans 3rd Division.   Continuing to work on area fortifications from May to July, he then marched with Heintzelmans division in Brigadier General Irvin McDowells army against Manassas.   On July 21, Wright assisted his commander during the Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run.   A month later he received a promotion to major and on September 14 was elevated to brigadier general of volunteers.   Two months later, Wright led a brigade during Major General Thomas Sherman and Flag Officer Samuel F. Du Ponts successful capture of Port Royal, SC.   Having gained experience in combined army-navy operations, he continued in this role during operations against St. Augustine and Jacksonville in March 1862.   Moving to division command, Wright led part of Major General David Hunters army duri ng the Union defeat at the Battle of Secessionville (SC) on June 16. Horatio Wright - Department of the Ohio: In August 1862, Wright received a promotion to major general and command of the newly re-formed Department of the Ohio.   Establishing his headquarters at Cincinnati, he supported his classmate Buell during the campaign that culminated with the Battle of Perryville that October.   On March 12, 1863, Lincoln was forced to rescind Wrights promotion to major general as it had not been confirmed by the Senate.   Reduced to brigadier general, he lacked the rank to command a department and his post passed to Major General Ambrose Burnside.   After commanding the District of Louisville for a month, he transferred to Major General Joseph Hookers Army of the Potomac.   Arriving in May, Wright obtained command of the 1st Division in Major General John Sedgwicks VI Corps. Horatio Wright - In the East: Marching north with the army in pursuit of General Robert E. Lees Army of North Virginia, Wrights men were present at the Battle of Gettysburg in July but remained in a reserve position.   That fall, he played an active role in the Bristoe and Mine Run Campaigns.   For his performance in the former, Wright earned a brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel in the regular army.   Retaining command of his division following the reorganization of the army in the spring of 1864, Wright moved south in May as Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant advanced against Lee.   After leading his division during the Battle of the Wilderness, Wright assumed command of VI Corps when Sedgwick was killed on May 9 during the opening actions of the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House.   Quickly promoted to major general, this action was confirmed by the Senate on May 12. Settling into corps command, Wrights men participated in the Union defeat at Cold Harbor at the end of May.   Crossing the James River, Grant moved the army against Petersburg.   As Union and Confederate forces engaged north and east of the city, VI Corps received orders to move north to aid in defending Washington from Lieutenant General Jubal A. Earlys forces which had advanced down the Shenandoah Valley and won a victory at Monocacy.   Arriving on July 11, Wrights corps was quickly moved into the Washington defenses at Fort Stevens and aided in repelling Early.   During the fighting, Lincoln visited Wrights lines before being moved to a more protected location.   As the enemy withdrew on July 12, Wrights men mounted a brief pursuit. Horatio Wright - Shenandoah Valley Final Campaigns: To deal with Early, Grant formed the Army of the Shenandoah in August under Major General Philip H. Sheridan.   Attached to this command, Wrights VI Corps played key roles in the victories at Third Winchester, Fishers Hill, and Cedar Creek.   At Cedar Creek, Wright held command of the field for the early phases of the battle until Sheridan arrived from a meeting at Winchester.   Though Earlys command was effectively destroyed, VI Corps remained in the region until December when it moved back to the trenches at Petersburg.   In the line through the winter, VI Corps attacked Lieutenant General A.P. Hills men on April 2 when Grant mounted a massive offensive against the city.   Breaking through the  Boydton Line, VI Corps achieved some of the first penetrations of the enemys defenses.   Ã‚      Pursuing Lees retreating army west after the fall of Petersburg, Wright and VI Corps again came under the direction of Sheridan.   On April 6, VI Corps played a key role in the victory at Saylers Creek which also saw Union forces capture Lieutenant General Richard Ewell.   Pressing west, Wright and his men were present when Lee finally surrendered three days later at Appomattox.   With the war ending, Wright received orders in June to take command of the Department of Texas.   Remaining until August 1866, he then left volunteer service the following month and reverted to his peacetime rank of lieutenant colonel in the engineers. Horatio Wright - Later Life: Serving in the engineers for the remainder of his career, Wright received a promotion to colonel in March 1879.   Later that year, he was appointed Chief of Engineers with the rank of brigadier general and succeeded Brigadier General Andrew A. Humphreys.   Involved in high-profile projects such as the Washington Monument and Brooklyn Bridge, Wright held the post until his retirement on March 6, 1884.   Living in Washington, he died on July 2, 1899.   His remains were buried at Arlington National Cemetery beneath an obelisk erected by veterans of VI Corps.           Ã‚     Ã‚   Selected Sources: NPS: Horatio WrightCivil War Trust: Horatio WrightOhio Civil War: Horatio Wright

Pros and Cons of Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pros and Cons of Globalization - Essay Example Globalization has significantly affected the business environment such that the level of interconnectedness or interdependence between different markets has sharply risen. They also believe that the effect globalization has gone beyond the business aspect, since the dramatic increase in international trade and finance has helped establish more profound cultural exchanges that in turn increased the impact of global issues at the local scale (Waters 2001). Historically, globalization resulted in the faster rate of increase in international trade and flow of capital including foreign direct investment in a country. Furthermore, there is the notable increase in the market share attributed to corporations that have established global presence ("Computer Desktop Encyclopedia" 2005). As globalization progressed, experts also observed that living conditions, as gauged by broader indicators of well-being, have been enhanced in most countries ("Globalization: Threat or Opportunity" 2000).

Ancient Greece and Rome on film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ancient Greece and Rome on film - Essay Example Nero eventually threatened to destroy the peaceful order of the Rome and the main issue was the conflict between Christianity and debauchery of the Roman Empire (LeRoy, 2008). The film narrates the story of Roman military commander who fell in love with a devout Christian woman known as Lygia, who was a Roman captive because she was raised up as an adopted daughter of Aulus Plautius. The military commander, Marcus Vinicius slowly became intruded by the religion of Lygia. Their love story is narrated in a broader historical context of earlier Christianity and its persecution by Nero (Scodel and Bettenworth, 2009, p. 9). The acts of Nero became highly outrageous; thus he ended up burning Rome and started blaming Christians. Marcus went to save Lygia and her family but Nero captured them and demand both of them, as well as, Christians to be killed. However, Petronius, the trusted consultant of Nero cautioned Christians that they will be made martyrs and since he was tired of madness act s of Nero, Petronius decided to kill himself (Scodel and Bettenworth, 2009, p. 11). Marcus was later arrested due to an attempt of saving the family of Lygia and another person known as Peter was killed by being crucified upside down. Peter returned to Rome and married the couple arguing that it was a sign of the lord but he was eventually killed. In short, the story ends where Marcus is released from the prison and marries Lygia. Marcus replaced Nero and eventually people realized that he was the one who burnt Rome but not the Christians. People wanted to kill Nero but he escaped into the palace where he strangled Poppaea to death claiming that he was the one who attempted to scapegoat the Christians. In the palace, the slave of Nero appeared and offered to help Nero to terminate his life. After the death of Nero, Marcus and Lygia became free; thus they left Rome. By the roadside, the crosier that Peter had left after his return to Rome had already miraculously sprouted flowers; th us the radiant light uttered â€Å"I am the way, the truth and the life† (Scodel and Bettenworth, 2009, p. 12). The Way Filmmakers Use Roman Stories to Discuss Christianity Themes Filmmakers use Roman stories in order to discuss Christianity themes in diverse ways. One of the filmmakers that attempt to reveal the themes of Christianity is the Quo Vadis, which is an American epic film of 1951 that was directed by Mervyn LeRoy. An epic movie is a kind of film, which lays emphasis on human tragedy on a grand level and it is more ambitious in scale that any other genre films. Quo Vadis is one of the epic films because it attempts to reveal real human dramatic events or actions that took place in the ancient Roman. It attempts to reveal the way Christians were persecuted by some powerful leaders of the historical era in Rome. Quo Vadis is a Latin idiom meaning that â€Å"where are you going† but the modern usage of the idiom refers to a Christian tradition regarding Saint P eter (Scodel and Bettenworth, 2009, p. 21). The Filmmakers use Roman stories to discuss the theme of persecution or martyrdom in the life of Christians. For Christians, persecution or martyrdom is one of the significant aspects that strengthen their faith. The crucifixion of Christ and his death at the cross is what altered everything including the live of Christians. For instance, the epic film of Quo Vadis offers an example of people like Saint Peter and among other Christians who were persecuted because of their